On Thursday, students at lycées across France set fire to bins and erected blockades outside schools, protesting overcrowded classrooms, teacher shortages and crumbling facilities.
Several school principals were injured, harassed or assaulted during blockades at high schools on Thursday, according to reports from regional education authorities, prefectures and union representatives.
There were also clashes with police and reports that some officers had used rubber bullets (LBD) against the students, who are mostly aged between 15 and 18, and unverified videos on social media which appear to show officers beating students.
The force has launched internal probes after accusations of brutality against three pupils, said Interior Minister Laurent Nunez.
The interior ministry said police and gendarmes had made 1,949 arrests on Thursday, while 305 officers had been injured.
According to interior ministry figures, 1,027 lycées of the 3,700 across France had been affected by the movement's actions on Thursday, with blockades at 222 of them.
On Friday, the ministry said that 400 lycées would be closed, some due to damage sustained during Thursday's protests.
The authorities in the Paris region said around 50 schools had been "the scene of violence, clashes and damage".
The office of prime minister Sébastien Lecornu said the demonstrations had become "urban violence" and cited the intelligence service to justify claims that it had been organised by the radical left.
Manuel Bompard, a leading figure in the hard-left La France Insoumise (LFI), quickly dismissed the claim, accusing the government of "sinking into conspiratorial thinking" in comments to AFP.
This latest wave of social unrest comes with tensions already running high over inflation, particularly soaring fuel prices, with calls for further strikes and for the 'yellow vest' to take to the streets again in October.
School strike
Since last week, pupils have staged protests outside schools over a range of grievances. They range from timetables, class sizes and a shortage of teachers to overheated classrooms during this year's heatwaves.
The protests have spread across the country from the Paris suburbs.
University students also joined in Thursday, blocking access to around 30 campuses, a student union said.
Among reports of school staff being targeted was one incident in the southern port city of Marseille when a school principal and his deputy were splashed with petrol. A journalist with TV channel M6 was attacked at the same school, local officials said.
In the northwestern city of Nantes, firefighters had to intervene to extinguish a fire in the entrance of a high school "following a gathering marked by violence towards staff", the regional education board said.
Authorities reported violence near high schools, mainly in Nantes, blaming "violent individuals" who "join the students to carry out acts of vandalism".
In the northeastern city of Strasbourg, trams were ordered to halt to "restrict the movements of rioters and demonstrators", the regional prefect said.
Conditions 'unbearable'
Raphael, a 17-year-old who did not give his surname for fear of reprisals, was among the protesters outside a school in Strasbourg, where some used barriers to obstruct the nearby tramway tracks.
"There are 35 of us per classroom. With 35C in summer, it's unbearable. There aren't enough toilets, and there are water leaks in some rooms," Raphael said.
"The building is falling apart, the cafeteria is too small. There's zero budget, zero resources, not enough supervisors," he said.
Nearby, students took photos of themselves in front of burning rubbish bins, holding up the sign with their school's name ripped off the tram stop.
In the southern city of Toulouse, hundreds of young people flooded the tram tracks, some toppling trash cans and starting fires, hurling projectiles or smashing bus shelters, AFP journalists said.
In the northern city of Lille, AFP reporters saw young people wearing black hoodies destroy the glass of a bus stop. Firefighters intervened to put out the flames on upturned dustbins set on fire.
In neighbouring Belgium, there were protests and damage at a handful of schools in the eastern city of Liege, police said.
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